Category: Data Science

Data Science, SQL

SQL Coalesce — Weeding Through The NULLs

Relational databases store information in tables — with columns that are analogous to elements in a data structure and rows that are one instance of that data structure. In SQL, a table cell without a value contains a special marker, NULL, which is not the same as zero, an empty string, or any other kind of value that works with equality tests; i.e. NULL != 0, NULL != "“, etc. The SQL Coalesce statement is one way of processing these NULL values for common uses like text processing.



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Data Science, SQL

SQL — Structured Query Language — Hub

SQL (Structured Query Language) — pronounced “sequel” or “ess queue ell” — is a computer programming language tailored to interacting with data stored in relational databases. SQL provides all the necessary tools to create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) that data.

This SQL hub lists all the Udacity blog posts which cover SQL. Armed with this information you can craft “SQL queries” — tailored requests for information — from virtually any database (including MySQL, SQLite, Apache Presto, Firebird SQL, Google BigQuery, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, SAP HANA, IBM DB2, and many others).



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Data Science, SQL

SQL Where — Getting At Your Dreams

Relational databases store information in tables — with columns that are analogous to elements in a data structure and rows which are one instance of that data structure — the order of which is undetermined; in no way guaranteed to reflect the order in which the data was inserted into the table.

The SQL Where clause restricts actions to those rows which satisfy a condition. The general form of SQL Where is:

SELECT column1, column2, … 
FROM table 
WHERE predicate;

Because SQL creates, reads, updates, and deletes (CRUD) database information, the WHERE predicate is used to corral its actions in SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements.



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Data Science, SQL

SQL Delete — All Good Things Must End

Relational databases store information in tables — with columns that are analogous to elements in a data structure and rows which are one instance of that data structure — which are brought into existence via the SQL Create Table statement. 

The SQL Delete statement is used to remove rows from data from the tables. It looks like:

DELETE FROM table WHERE condition ;

Be exceedingly careful around the WHERE clause; an error in restricting the scope of deletion can have shocking consequences. (Consider making a table backup with the SQL Create Table From statement.)



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Data Science, SQL

SQL Create Table — Storing All The Things

Relational databases store information in tables — with columns that are analogous to elements in a data structure and rows which are one instance of that data structure — which are brought into existence via the SQL Create Table statement. When creating tables, each column specified may have two characteristics:

  • type — what kind of data can be held
  • constraint — restrictions on the data

This blog entry covers many of the common SQL data types and the constrains that may be placed upon them. Practical examples and source code is provided. Table structure may be changed after creation with the SQL Alter statement.



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Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, Machine Learning, School of AI, School of Data Science, Tech Job Descriptions

Career Spotlight: Data Scientist vs Machine Learning Engineer

Woman interacting with computing touch-screen containing images about data science and machine learning.

You live in a world dominated by technology and information, a world where you can’t avoid being a tech user. Technology fields like artificial intelligence, data science, robotics, machine learning, and cybersecurity are interwoven with your contemporary life. 

Data science and machine learning engineering are two tech fields that can offer great salaries and entail fascinating work. Maybe you want to expand your career skill set to work with one of many interesting topics like machine learning for big data.

What do data scientists and machine learning engineers do? Read on to learn more.



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Data Science, SQL

SQL Distinct — Getting the Basics Down

Relational databases store information in tables — columns that are analogous to elements in a data structure and rows which are one instance of that data structure. In those cases where this data set contains duplicate values (like membership location by state or province) SQL Distinct traverses these data, filters them, and returns just one of each duplicated value (making it easy to determine, for example, the number of members living in each state). SQL Distinct evaluates the span of a particular set of values.

Starting With SQL Distinct

We start with a table of some of Charles Dickens’ characters and the novels in which they appear. This table is imagined not as an exhaustive index of every character but those most worth discovering; it’s a table of the most notable and memorable characters in Dickens’ oeuvre.



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